Suttal = Sleep
In Motihari, a Panchayat Rozgar Sevak was
murdered.
The first shot grazed his elbow. He ran, not
because his elbow ached, but because the shot resounded in his ears. The second
was a better shot-- the bullet tunneled through his back and emerged from his
paunch, dripping in blood that looked, in the faint moonlight, like petrol.
"It was really dark. He may have
escaped", the Mukhia told his men later that night, between chuckles,
"If he wasn't shouting in a frenzy .. And what was he shouting? .. 'Suttal,
suttal'*
"
The group exploded in laughter.
"Imagine Mantriji running, his legs spread
wide, belly and all, and shouting in the darkness--", the Mukhia said
snorting, "--Suttal, Suttal"
Someone brought another round of chai. They
slurped, drawing heat from their cupped hands. The fire between them blazed,
the fireflies danced in the trees.
Someone else suddenly said, '"Suttal,
suttal", and the second 'Suttal' was drowned in another wave of tumultuous
laughter.
*
In Motihari, a Panchayat Rozgar Sevak (PRS) was
murdered.
That evening, the PRS was particularly busy: he
helped distribute wages and noticed that the Mukhia was behaving oddly. The
Mukhia was doing a double-role from the Bhojpuri movie he had seen the previous
week, alternating furiously between the hero’s doting grandmother and the evil
step-mother. Relations between the PRS and the Mukhia had been precarious for a
while.
How had it come to this?, the PRS wondered.
Wages were disbursed in the usual manner. The
Mukhia landed with a stack of money, three hours late; the labourers queued up,
uncomplaining. He called out their names. They approached, saluted and went
away with a wad of notes; as they left, the PRS had them sign on a blank piece
of paper. The Mukhia slapped a youth whose walk he found callous and swore at a
middle-aged man who thrust his left hand out. "Never use your left
hand", he barked, "Learn to respect the Goddess Lakshmi".
Later that night, three-hundred-kilometres away,
Raghuram Pandey's phone rang. The ring-tone was a famous, steamy Bhojpuri song,
sung in a manner that was uncharacteristically earnest and funereal. He had
sung it himself, having got a sycophantic nephew to record and set it as his
ring-tone. He waited for the first line to finish before answering the call--
he hated interrupting himself.
The voice on the other line announced flatly that
a PRS from some Panchayat in Motihari had been murdered by the Mukhia. The name
of the Panchayat struck a bell somewhere, but he had to confirm.
"Is the PRS the chap with the NREGA-tummy?
Previously thin, now fat?" he asked.
"Yes"
"Okay", he said and, without much ado,
cut the call.
When Raghuram Pandey, President of the Bihar
Panchayat Rozgar Sevaks Union, went back to bed, his wife asked him if it was
something important. He yawned, scratched his back, and turned over. In
seconds, his snores reigned over the night’s quiet.
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
The Minister looked at the file placed in front
of him. The file had a bunch of paper-clippings and a survey-report. The survey
had been conducted by some obscure organization in Delhi he had
(unsurprisingly) never heard of. Attached to the report was a one-page summary
of its contents, neatly hand-written by his secretary.
The summary informed him that the survey had exposed
corruption in the NREGA: the report (ominously titled “Terrorism of the Poor”)
estimated that ‘leakages’ in the scheme had cost the state a whopping 6000
crores. The media had had a field day: the findings had made the headlines in
seven major newspapers.
He glanced through the file, called his secretary
and said, softly:
"Order an enquiry".
Before his secretary left, the minister showed
him a headline from one of the clippings he found particularly clever:
"MaNREGA ab bana DhanREGA"
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
Ali called Raghuram Pandey, who he thought was a
first-rate opportunist. Ali usually did mass-interest stories-- a euphemism for
crime largely-- for the Hindi daily he wrote for. A PRS murder wasn't mass
interest, but this was a lean period for Patna-centric crimes (which, of
course, grabbed maximum eyeballs). Irritatingly, Raghuram Pandey always took
his time answering the phone.
'Pandeyji, Namaskar', he began, when the
man eventually answered.
Pandey responded unenthusiastically. Ali, for him,
was a lazy bum and at an irksome stage of his career: too big to be taken
lightly, too small to garner any serious attention.
'Did you hear about the PRS murder case in
Motihari?', Ali asked.
'Yes-- very sad', Pandey said.
'Any comments? Allegedly, it was committed by the
Mukhia?'
'We condemn murder’, Pandey said in a flat
monotone and added, ‘but we would not like to jump the gun here. We are waiting
for more evidence'
Later that evening, Ali received an e-mail from
Raghuram Pandey that had an attachment he downloaded after repeated, frantic
checks for viruses. It had a perfunctory two-line statement in perfect Hindi,
reminiscent of an NREGA instruction-manual:
'The Bihar State PRS Union mourns the death of
one of their own in Motihari. We await further details and hope the deceased’s
family is duly compensated'
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
Sixteen days before he was shot, the PRS had had
tea with Bablu. If, like sunrises, death could be tracked back linearly to a
single cause, then this conversation-- slow, meandering, simmering with only
the lightest tension-- would perhaps be the best candidate.
Bablu informed him— in Bihar’s distinctive
garrulous drawl— that a few months from then, all payments to the villagers
would be routed through him. He was a banking correspondent, BC for short. He
was to be the final link between villagers' bank accounts-- registered in banks
separated from the villager by a gulf both geographical and social-- and the
villagers themselves. Equipped with a biometric device and tonnes of money, he
was to be a walking, talking ATM. He had met the Mukhia, who he had found very
personable. What’s more, they—the Mukhia and the BC— had agreed to split
the spoils two-way.
"50-50?", the PRS exclaimed,
"Oh!"
"What was your share earlier?", Bablu
asked.
"50-50"
It was actually one-third, but he didn't know
why, he felt like lying. He didn’t like this new, third cog in the corruption
band-wagon: what was once a smooth bike is now a clumsy auto, he mused.
"Ah", Bablu sang and paused awkwardly.
The Mukhia had told Bablu something else— that the PRS’ share was only
one-third. "I like you”, the Mukhia had declared warmly then, “I will give
you a higher share than what I used to give Mantriji". The old bastard had
lied with a straight face!
"But, how will you make money?", the
PRS asked Bablu, "I heard your machine talks when a payment is made? So,
won't the villager know he's being cheated if you give him some money and the
machine says he is entitled to more?"
Bablu’s face contorted into what he hoped was a
clever smile: he came off looking, at least in the PRS’ eyes, like a monkey
with spectacles. Holding the smile for a while, Bablu responded, in a sing-song
manner that resembled a terrible vocalist’s morning riyaaz:
"The machines were made by a partner
company-- we ensured that a mute button was installed"
The PRS chuckled unhappily.
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
Sixteen days after the murder and four days after
an enquiry was commissioned by the Minister, auditors descended on MNREGA
Offices in separate teams across the state-- from Siwan to Araria, Kaimur to
Sitamarhi-- arriving in cars, bikes, buses, autos and, on one occasion (because
the auditor's driver had overslept and switched his phone off), a bullock-cart.
A total of nineteen district administrations had begun enquiries into the 6000-crore
scam. When, later, reasons were asked of the remaining districts for their
absences, most officers complained of a curious head-ache, almost as
though the head-ache bugs had awoken that very morning with the collective
intention of targeting District Chief Social Auditors of the MNREGA.
Where the officers did manage to show up,
documents were seized, notes were copiously taken down, money was
exchanged.
Across the state, The Panchayat Rozgar Sevaks
panicked. PRS’ were easy pickings—the Mukhias, democratically elected,
answerable to none, rarely, if ever, were apprehended; on the other hand, PRS’
were contract-workers, not even full-time government employees and functioned
at the lowest level of the heirarchy: the Panchayat.
Some PRS’ hid in their homes, others mysteriously
'lost' documents; one, apparently distraught, PRS claimed that Agni-- the Lord
of Fire-- had consumed his office that very morning (and, therefore, destroyed
all evidence against him); and another was found atop a grape-fruit tree. When,
later, those absent filed in their applications for leave, several claimed to
have had a head-ache.
On that chilly December morning, the head-ache
bugs had chosen to go after one more class of people after all-- curiously,
those seemed to be NREGA-related staff too.
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
Eight days and twenty-six chais before a
bullet grazed his elbow, the PRS had met with the Mukhia at his residence. The
Mukhia gave him tea in a fancy cup, one he usually reserved for officers. It
was comforting, but they still had terms to negotiate.
The PRS decided to be direct: ask for a flat
thirty-three per cent of the overall commission from payments made to workers.
He laid down his arguments methodically. Technically, the work itself was now
split three-way. He managed the works, the BC made the payments and the Mukhia
supervised. So, it made sense to make a neat three-way partition of the spoils
too. He also appealed to the Mukhia’s human side: he was a poor man, had five
mouths to feed. Moreover, he had access to funds from only one scheme; the
Mukhia had a whole host of schemes to work with—pensions, rations, house-construction.
The Mukhia listened with interest, not
interrupting even once. When the PRS was done, he said flatly: “Fifteen per
cent to you, twenty per cent to the BC and I take the rest”
The PRS was understandably aghast and stuttered.
The Mukhia explained, patiently, like a friendly
headmaster: “Look at this tea-cup. It is fancy and looks like it contains a lot
of tea from the outside; but it’s base actually starts half-way up the cup. So
the cup you hold in your hand has, in fact, very little tea. That’s how we work
with this MNREGA too: pretend to be doing a lot of work, deliver a little and
pocket the rest. The trick now, for you, is to serve more tea-cups. That will
make up for your decreased share. Work harder, pocket your share—that belly
needs some trimming, anyway”
The PRS stared at the his feet, ground into
silence. When he found words, he strung them together:
“But, Bablu-- the BC-- said he is getting fifty
per cent”
“Bablu is new to the game and quite cocky; with
time, I am sure he will fall in place too”, he paused, then added, “just
like you have”
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
Six days before he was relegated to history’s
quagmire, the PRS was asked to remember the past.
Even though he was fleeing when he was shot, in
the larger scheme of things, he went down fighting. The PRS and the Mukhia were
caste-mates, both from the land-owning Ahir community. The PRS complained to
some caste-elders about his being sidelined and his shrinking share in the
NREGA-pot; some sided with him, others clicked their tongues in disapproval,
still others asked him to work out a compromise solution, or lay low for a
while and act when the opportunity arose. He was careful not to bad-mouth the
Mukhia, for within the community, information flowed like the Ganga during the
rains— freely, everywhere.
One evening, he arrived home to find the Mukhia
sprawled on his favourite easy-chair, staring intently at the TV screen.
Visuals of snakes climbing trees flashed on the screen, repeatedly, in slow-motion.
Below, a ticker screamed: ‘Breaking News: Flying snakes in Araria’. The PRS
entered and quietly touched the Mukhia’s feet. The Mukhia blessed him, his eyes
never leaving the TV screen.
They had two rounds of tea; the Mukhia rambled,
uncharacteristically. He spoke of the PRS’ house, how things had changed over
the years. Where was the TV five years ago?, he asked. Where were these extra
bed-rooms? Where was the marble-flooring in the prayer room, the Silver Flute for
the Lord? Five years ago, he said, you only had faded pictures of the Goddess
Laxmi and Rani Mukherjee; this Laxmiji, he said, gesturing in the direction of
the prayer-room, how did she descend from that photograph and stamp her
glorious imprints on this house?
“Who”, he finally said, getting down to business,
“Who got you your job? Do not forget us humble-folk in times of wealth. You may
regret it”
“How can I forget you?”, the PRS replied, “I have
only had praise for you—you have made me what I am”
“Mantriji”, the Mukhia said sternly, “Yesterday,
Netaji—that old hag—told me gently to take care of the community’s
interests and not act selfish. Selfish? How am I being selfish? Everywhere—in
every aspect of my life, in my past, my present, tomorrow-- I make place for
this community, like Laloo did for the Yadavs, Nitish does for Bihar. And now,
to be spoken of like this! This is not good; this is not good”
When, later, the Mukhia left, his Bolero leaving
behind a trail of dust-smoke, the PRS remembered the day he was offered the
job; then too, the Mukhia had left against a dying sun; then too, the pits of
his stomach were churning, working overtime; only then, the Mukhia had cycled
out, his towel fluttering in his wake.
Six years had flown since. How had it come to
this?
*
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
An emergency meeting of the Bihar PRS’ Union was
convened. Ali was the only reporter present—he had landed there by chance,
having boarded the wrong bus and slept off. Stuck forty-five kilometres from
Patna, with nothing much to do, he was, for once, glad to receive a text
message from Raghuram Pandey announcing a meeting in a run-down former
computer-centre around the corner.
In the midst of what Ali would recall as the
original graveyard of unused computers—‘like aborted lives, condemned to die
before birth’—Raghuram Pandey resurrected a man from the dead, lionising him as
an honest man with a thirst for work, a brave soul who stood up for the truth
in the face of immense pressure, who thrived under tension. “A true hero, a
soft-spoken man”, he bellowed into a microphone that wailed and echoed,
“Mantriji of Motihari is a PRS we must stand up for, whose death teaches us
that enough is enough”
For the first six-and-a-half minutes, as Ali
stared around, watching the crowd grow softly restless under their sorrowful
exteriors, disbelief flooded him. He always thought of the PRS’ as a sorry lot—inefficient
simpletons; the Trishanku’s of the state’s hierarchy, condemned to spend their
time in an uneasy nether-world between the promised heavens of permanent
government offices and the hell-like portals of unemployment.
But, however unfortunate they may be and however
slowly their minds may work, surely, it wouldn’t take them sixteen days
to register sorrow? Where was this rage, this dejection, when he had made the
call to Raghuram Pandey two weeks ago? Where was this crowd of people, their
collective fires, their thirst for justice?
Someone in the audience blew into a kerchief;
another yawned loudly.
And then Ali saw it—a rolled-up newspaper stuck
out of the back-pocket of the PRS sitting in front of him. From it, stared the
headline: “State Officials begin audit of the NREGA; Documents seized”.
“We will go on an indefinite strike”, Pandey was
saying, punching imaginary Mukhias a foot above him, to a roar of approval from
the crowd.
The headline connected the dots in Ali’s head,
the lines formed a brilliant, if obvious, picture. He chided himself for not
seeing it earlier. This strike was as much about the dead PRS as the NREGA was
about work on demand.
The ulterior motive was simple: who would the
Auditors bring to the book if the PRS’ went on strike? How would anyone audit a
scheme if it’s most populous functionaries are in absentia? How does one
audit a scheme whose wheels have come off, that would not run— not until the
audit is called off? The PRS’ were the scheme’s past and future—custodians of
whatever little institutional memory that existed, protectors of any shot at progress.
In his note-pad, Ali scribbled, admiring the child-like simplicity of it all:
‘No PRS -> no scheme; no scheme -> no audit’
Later, Raghuram Pandey, in the spirit of modern
democratic protests, lit a candle and held it aloft, encouraging his people to
follow suit. ‘To Mantuji’, he said, loud and solemn, before a hissing voice
corrected him.
‘To Mantriji’, he said hastily, slightly
flushed.
Seventeen days after his death,
Mantriji—Panchayat Rozgar Sevak, Rampur (North) Panchayat, Motihari— became the
poster-boy for a strike that was never meant to be about him.
*
The strike ran a full seventy-two days.
Meanwhile, the Minister busied himself with a trip
to London and a series of rallies across the state; the Auditors went back to
their offices with three newspapers and six chais—tired from their
exertions on that December morning, when they hounded PRS’ in air-conditioned
cars.
Ali landed his first big break, covering the dramatic
saga of an MLA whose wife was molested by Railway Officials in the second-AC
compartment of a Kolkata-bound train.
Raghuram Pandey addressed several meetings and
managed to hold out long enough for everyone to forget going back to the Audits.
Mantriji’s wife got her first month’s
widow-pension, a feat that took the average villager up to eight years to
achieve—she used it to buy the Regional Entertainment Pack on her TV
connection, something her late husband would never have allowed.
In Motihari, a PRS was murdered.
And, even three months later, when it was night
and the stars threatened to shower like embers from glittering firecrackers, as
he rose to go to bed, the Mukhia would announce to no one in particular-- “Suttal,
Suttal”; and guffaw.